Frogs and toads (Anura)

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Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla), California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition see citation figure of mean duration from fertilization to hatching in field enclosures Both Male and Female Embryo 8 replicates of 150 (frogs) or 16-12 (newts) embryos Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Time of Hatching or Parturition see citation figure of mean duration from fertilization to hatching in field enclosures Both Male and Female Embryo 8 replicates of 150 (frogs) or 16-12 (newts) embryos Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora

Author(s)
Calef, George Waller
Pages
741-758
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 531 #/egg mass Female Adult 35 egg masses Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 19 SE
Survival/ Mortality 5 survival of larval population until metamorphosis % Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean log W = -4.60 + 3.085(log L) regression equation relating body weight (W; mg, dry wt.) to body length (L; mm) mg Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Notes on the breeding biology of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora)

Author(s)
Storm, Robert M.
Pages
251-259
Year
Issue
4
Volume
16
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation time from egg to hatching under field conditions wks Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Corvallis Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington

Author(s)
Brown, Herbert A.
Pages
241-252
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Mar. determined by presence of calling males and new egg masses Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 600 #/ egg mass Female Adult Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets

California Red-legged Frog (Rana draytonii formerly Rana aurora ssp. draytonii)

Citation:

Biology of the California red-legged frog: A synopsis

Author(s)
Cook, David
Pages
79-82
Year
Volume
33
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning mo Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

Sexual dimorphism in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
303-310
Year
Issue
2
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 age after metamorphosis; development of secondary sex characteristics yr Male Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity age after metamorphosis when produced eggs yr Female Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality Non-breeding season survival; measured as # that returned to breed/# known to be alive at end of previous breeding season % Both Male and Female Adult 25 - 54 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Temperature and the balance between aerial and aquatic respiration in larvae of Rana berlandieri and Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Burggren, Warren W., Martin E. Feder, and Alan W. Pinder
Pages
263-273
Year
Issue
2
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 178.2 Mean total oxygen uptake (skin + gills + lungs) measured at 25C, tadpole mean body weight = 5.74 g ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 36.7 Laboratory
Citation:

Intersexual differences in growth, mortality, and size at maturity in bullfrogs in central Ontario

Author(s)
Shirose, L.J., R.J. Brooks, J.R. Barta and S.S. Desser
Pages
2363-2369
Year
Issue
12
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Longevity Maximum estimated age yr Both Male and Female Adult 567 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Growth Rate 0.0653 mm/d Both Male and Female 16 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 0 yr CANADA 0.01465 SE
Growth Rate 0.1056 mm/d Both Male and Female 34 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 1 yr CANADA 0.01427 SE
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area SA = 0.953W^0.725 Area of removed skin measured, equation based on weight (W) in grams cm2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 29.36 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 27.74 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Age, growth, and homing in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Durham, Leonard and George W. Bennett
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 0.80 lbs Not Reported 5 Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets end of 6th yr
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning mo Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in the lower Colorado River, Arizona-California

Author(s)
Clarkson, Robert W. and James C. deVos, Jr.
Pages
42-49
Year
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning time to metamorphosis from first breeding clutch mo Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Aug. - Oct. metamorphosis period for first breeding clutch Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Aug. - Oct. or Mar. - Apr. of following yr. time to metamorphosis for second clutch Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth rates of some ranids under natural conditions

Author(s)
Ryan, Richard A.
Pages
73-80
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1953
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning yr Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to temperature and hypoxia in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Rocha, Priscila L. and Luiz G.S. Branco
Pages
761-768
Year
Volume
201
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption at various body temperatures within seasons Both Male and Female Adult 6/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Survival rate, population density and development of a naturally occurring anuran larvae (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Cecil, Stephen G. and John J. Just
Pages
447-453
Year
Volume
1979
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality Range of mean survival of larvae % Not Reported Tadpole 3 sampling periods, 20,000 animals Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Elevated maintenance costs in an anuran (Rana catesbeiana) exposed to a mixture of trace elements during the embryonic and early larval periods

Author(s)
Rowe, Christopher L., Owen M. Kinney, Roy D. Nagle and Justin D. Congdon
Pages
27-35
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.1582 resting oxygen consumption at 23C ml O2/hr/tadpole Not Reported Tadpole 19 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.009 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Intrapopulation variation in the body size at metamorphosis and timing of metamorphosis in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Collins, James P.
Pages
738-749
Year
Issue
4
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean See paper for weight to developmental stage relationship (Gosner stages 27-40) g Not Reported Tadpole 120 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve, Livingston County [lat., 42.5N] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Aerial activity oxygen consumption during metamorphosis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Hillman, Stanley S. and Malcom S. Lea
Pages
407-410
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1983
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate see citation figures of aerial activity oxygen consumption and body weights at different developmental stages Not Reported Tadpole 59 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Overwintering behavior of adult bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, in northeastern Ohio

Author(s)
Stinner, John, Nicholas Zarlinga and Scott Orcutt
Pages
8-13
Year
Issue
1
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Oct. - April Not Reported Adult 6 Seiberling Naturealm, Summit County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Postmetamorphic growth in anurans

Author(s)
Turner, F.B.
Pages
327-338
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate review see citation for review of growth rates based on size estimates Both Male and Female Adult, Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Selective mortality and reproduction in a natural population of Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Samollow, Paul B.
Pages
18-39
Year
Issue
1
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 12,000 # eggs/spawn Female Adult Not Reported Lost Lake, Linn county Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Western toad, Bufo boreas, in southern Utah: Notes on a single population along the east fork of the Sevier River

Author(s)
Robinson, Megan, Michael P. Donovan and Terry D. Schwaner
Pages
87-89
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 64.6 mean and range of body weights g Male Adult 17 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 92.9 mean and range of body weight g Female Adult 18 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 0.01 g Not Reported Tadpole 84 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 20 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.02 g Not Reported Tadpole 42 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 26 Laboratory

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Multiple egg clutches in Hyla regilla, H. cinerea and H. gratiosa

Author(s)
Perrill, Stephen A. and Richard E. Daniel
Pages
513-516
Year
Volume
1983
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutches or Litters per year estimated by number of times a female was found in amplexus with palpable eggs clutches/yr Female Adult Not Reported San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 267.7 eggs/clutch Female Adult 40 San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets 128.7 SD
Citation:

The reproductive ecology of the pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla)

Author(s)
Schaub, David L. and John H. Larsen, Jr.
Pages
409-416
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Moscow, Latah County (elev., 850m) Exposure Factor Datasets
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